What obstacles to truth does Shermer present us with? How should we try to overcome these? Or should we try to overcome them? Why do you think fallacies and poor reasoning is so prevalent in society? Or conversely, do you think they're not? Give examples. In a clearing in the forest, Alice and the White Knight came upon the twins Tweedledum and Tweedledee. Alice recognized them from a picture book she had looked at, but she didn't know which was which. They looked exactly alike! Alice curtsied.
The White Knight leaned over and spoke softly in Alice's ear: "Don't trust them! At least one of them is lying. It's always that way! Sometimes both lie. In the morning, they put on whatever comes to hand. So, their collars are just as likely wrong as right. For a moment, Alice was completely at a loss how to address them, then she suddenly realized that she could figure out their names.
Which twin did Alice address as "Tweedledee" and which as "Tweedledum"? Here's how she did it. You used logic to figure that out; laws of logic are a starting point for reason. So how is it that we come to rationalize? What's the difference and relationship between reasons and rationalizations?
We often tend not to reason objectively due to emotions getting in the way. Think of it this way: when we rationalize we begin with a conclusion and then try to work backwards to defend it. For example: A student doesn't do well on an assignment. They had a month to do it. There was time to ask the teacher for help. In the end there was a problem with the student's understanding of the computer program used to submit the assignment. They decide that the program was too complicated and voices a complaint that it was beyond the scope of their ability.
When we reason we're seeking reality; the truth. When we rationalize, can we be seeking the truth, or seeking what we want to be true? What emotions may come into play that encourage us to rationalize rather than reason? Fallacious arguments are "fake" arguments - they use fallacious reasoning to appear to support a conclusion, but in fact don't support it at all.
Can you apply an example to the following concepts? Here is a long list ; have a look at this Quizlet list.
Ever have something just "dawn on you", rather than you've reasoned it out? Most likely you have. This is intuition, and we don't really know how it works: flashes of brilliance, creative insights, and 'sixth sense' hunches are all connected to intuition. If our knowledge claims are based on intuition, rather than reason, we might be able to determine it through The Why Game.
Determine which of the statements you believe and then try to provide evidence to support your beliefs. Compare this to others. I exist. Life isn't a dream. If something is a banana, it's a banana. Parallel lines never meet.
Time has no beginning or end. You should not torture people for enjoyment. Extra-terrestrials live amoung us. What are the moral and other implications of ignoring reality? Why do people make decisions without considering the ethical context of their choices? Is it possible to lead our lives without impacting on the rights and wellbeing of others?
Even though we may know the clothes we buy, or the food we eat, involves the suffering of its producers, few of use alter our behaviour accordingly. This article investigates why we ignore such ethical issues in our day-to-day life. Myself, being an Atheist, believe that if two people are in love, they should be able to get married whether they are from two different religions or not, that is my moral belief.
But the contrasting religious beliefs of my parents families won out and both of my parents left their religion to be married. My parents both had to make a difficult justified moral decision to leave their religions.
They had to use both reason and emotion to make the justified moral decision of leaving their religions when leaving each other was out of the question. The point of sharing this story is to show how different moral beliefs can come from different religions.
Should a person follow the rules of their religion? Or should love always win? The answer to those questions depends on the moral beliefs of the individual. As you can see, religion is an area where beliefs can clash, and therefore making a justified moral decision can be difficult. An area of knowledge where this difficulty can also take place is ethics. Within the United States there are thirty-three states that use the death penalty and seventeen that do not.
The death penalty is only used in the most severe crimes, such as murder. But one could argue that killing a murderer is still wrong because whether the person is a murderer or not, killing him would still be wrong.
These are conflicting ethics within the states of our own country. In order for these ethics to have formed emotion and reason must have taken place to come to the conclusion if the death penalty is right or wrong when a murderer is in question. Someone who has already taken a life?
Does that fact alone justify their death? Or is taking anyones life wrong, whether it be an innocent person or a murderer? These are the kinds of questions one must think of when discussing ethics.
Personally, I believe that one cannot possibly use only emotion or only reason when justifying a moral issue. I believe that both sides have to play a part in order for the decision made to be justifiable.
Reason is what we use to list the facts and circumstances of a situation and calculate what is the best thing to do. Emotion is what makes us different from other creatures, its what makes us human. Emotion allows us to feel the decisions we make and tells us if they are right or wrong without waiting for an outcome. While reason tends to take over the decision making, for something to be a justified moral decision emotion must play an equal part.
Theory of Knowledge: Emotion. How does emotion affect our reasoning? How does emotion work as a network with other ways of knowing? In this picture there is a very powerful message to the people, it shows here that even the media has now its own emotional view on the crisis thats going on in the world however neglecting other middle eastern countries that suffered more. They believe paris to be a city of importance and the rest are not. Emotion plays a role in this case since people form the middle east would feel the strong bias towards the picture, other people from paris on the other hand would simply think it is only fare for them to be heard.
It depends a little on their intuition as well in the terms of what they believe to be fare. Hello - Adele Through the artistic talent of music, the artist Adele was capable of displaying her emotional crisis to the people. The song talks about her loss of love which was her fault, her mistake is what made her loose him.
She wants to start again, a new chapter, but its just not working out. This relates to TOK since the artist is using song to convey an emotion and a story. This song not only affects the singer herself but also triggers each persons emotions as they begin to remember their past experiences, their pain, and their loss. This relates also to the theory that if there was for example a person who was grieving next you, you yourself wouldn't feel happy rather feel almost like that person, in this case when listening to the song you start to feel what Adele is feeling which in a way she makes you understand her in a clearer way.
Bullying to this day Ted Talk This Ted talk discusses the issue that many people face in their lives, bullying. The man talks about his own experience and others with this issue Through this powerful video and strong speech emotion is expressed through art, which shows its significance instead of just presenting a paper and being practical the speaker uses drawings and illustrations to make it more meaningful.
This shows the importance of art in helping to convey a message in a more powerful way. Images Lost Confused Unclear. War Pauline. Post-Earthquake Maha. The film goes over many ideas that can be spoken about that are in the TOK syllabus. For example, emotional coloring and how it inhibits reason, the power of empathy, our perception and how it is affected by emotions etc. The first scene of the movie takes place on Omaha Beach on D-Day.
This scene is said to be the most realistic war scene and it had the power to give veterans war flashbacks. In a TOK perspective, this film shows the ability of the arts in evoking emotions.
The realism of this film allows for those who haven't experienced war to get a sense of what it is truly like through the sounds and images on the screen as well as the acting. Therefore, art gives us the ability to experience emotions second hand through empathy and sympathy.
This movie shows the connection between emotion and art and the relationship between the two. It is based on the semi-autobiographical short story of the same name, which follows the life of the writer, Akiyuki Nosaka. The film has received mainly positive reviews, and has been praised for the empathetic and sympathetic emotional responses that it instills in its audience. This movie can relate to TOK as it discusses how specific kinds of art can instill different emotions, which is seen in the generally strong emotional responses that many critics have towards the film.
However, it can also show the relationship between emotions and art. More specifically personal emotions and art, which is seen in the author's connection to the film. This is a film was made in , it is about a jewish family during the holocaust. In the movie the family are taken to a Nazi concentration camp where they are separated and forced to do horrible things.
This relates to ToK as the film shows how arts can bring out emotion and it allows the audience to feel what it is like to be in a concentration camp through the scenes and the acting. Thus, art can allow us to experience something through sympathy and empathy. This movie was based on a true story. It appeals to the viewers' emotions by what we know from our shared knowledge, sense perception and reason. An example of the senses we perceive is through our hearing and seeing in the scene which Solomon gets lashed numerous times, and that causes us to sympathize with the situation he's in.
Ilayda Fikri. Additionally, the readers reasons plays a role in the way their emotions are affected, the viewers know through reason that the dog doesn't understand that the man is dead which causes them to sympathize more for the "innocent" lacking the knowledge character thus developing stronger emotions - Beyza Tasoglu.
The flower we saw that day, is a film about a group of friends who have separated after their best friends death Menma. However, the hero Jintan is still able to see her spirt, as she pleads for him to try reunite everyone once again, and only then can Menma move on.
When their hearts no longer carry rancour against each other. They are all able to see Menma for the last time to wave her goodbye. In relation to TOK, the storyline and soundtracks creates an emotional aura of utter sadness that causes the audience to weep along with the characters in their times of distress. Without this successful manipulation of emotion, this film would have not been a success, as its main objective to build a connection between the audience and characters.
The movie leaves the reader with a sense of hopelessness and depression. This movie is an example of how emotion can be used to influence one's reason. By allowing viewers to connect emotionally with the four main characters as they battle with their addictions, the audience's views on drugs and addiction can be influenced or changed. This article explains how reliable emotions are as an Area of Knowledge, and investigates different perspectives.
Interestingly, it states that there is no definite definition for emotions, because although there are some universal emotions, emotions are influenced by personal knowledge experiences and shared knowledge culture. A World Without Scent In this article, the author describes his loss of smell, and how it negatively impacted his standard of life. The loss of his smell led to his inability to be triggered by memories that were formed in places with specific scents, which were often connoted with emotions.
This article can be used as a platform for discussion in TOK by discussing the link between sense perception and emotion, in regards to memory. The sense perception of an individual often might be impacted by the emotions that are connoted with memories that occurred in a similar place as the individual is. How to be Emotionally Intelligent more This article in the NY Times lists how one can train themselves to become emotionally intelligent in their self-awareness of their emotions, their self-management, their empathy, and their relationship skills.
When first reading the title of the article I found it rather ironic because I did not believe that we can control our emotions and that they are independent of our ability to control them. However, after reading this article, I realized that I, too, constantly seek ways to better my emotional responses to people and certain situations. World Hunger: A Moral Response more This post on the Santa Clara University states that our response to world hunger is a moral response and that we have no obligation to the poor but we choose to still help the underprivileged.
However, it can be argued that our emotions can also contribute to the decision we make to help others. We feel empathy because humans are soft wired to feel empathetic towards other individuals. This raises the issue of the intention of moral acts and how they might not be rooted in absolute ethical responsibility and rather, there may be emotion such as empathy that contributes to that decision as well. Images Annotations Lost Confused more This picture describes that an individual may feel so many emotions that it affects reasoning.
Mostly, the image somewhat displays that emotions play a vital role in affecting reasoning in negative ways. Emotions can themselves be more ore less rational, they have a mental as well as a physical aspect, and that change in our beliefs can lead to a change in the corresponding emotion.
In general, an "emotion that is sensitive to the real nature of a situation is more rational than one that is not" Lagemaat , this describes that when looking at a situation, if emotion is conducted in a more respectable and understanding manner, then it is more affective to evaluate a situation that occured.
As a result, ethics could also be involved within emotion and reasoning as the morality of actions are often involved. Keys more This visual provides the reader with an understanding of intuition.
The word 'intuition' is typically associated with the aha moment of insight when you suddenly see the solution to a problem without going through any conscious process of reasoning" Lagemaat. This piece of text creates an understanding that intuition is more of a gut feeling and sometimes guids decision making in the wrong direction.
Other aspects include that there are three different types of intuitions: "Core Intuition- most fundamental intuitions about life, the universe and everything Subject-specific intuitions- the intuitions we have in various areas of knowledge such as science and ethics Social intuitions- intuitions about other people, what they are like, whether or not they can be trusted" Lagemmat.
Noor Aldelamy: The above political cartoon relates to how technology has limited our perception to recognize cognitive emotions beyond the basic facial expressions that are often used on an everyday basis, or even emojis. Your IQ is supposedly a representation of the knowledge from your left brain, which uses reason and logic; meanwhile your EQ stems from the emotional breadth and creativity of the right side of your brain. This image shows that your intelligence is actually outmatched by the effect your emotions have on your decisions as, even though EQ is submerged under the water, it outweighs the portion of the iceberg that the IQ takes up.
This image could be used in an argument answering the question, "How does emotion affect our reasoning? A picture is said to be worth a thousand words and, in this case, this photo appeals to our emotions much more than any article written. In Palestine over people peacefully protested the oppression of the Israeli government of their people in Haifa leading to a violent reaction and over 30 arrests by Israeli soldiers.
This image can be used to answer the question, "How does emotion work as a network with other ways of knowing? Maddy - This is series of photographs complied into one artwork by Erik Ravelo titled "The Untouchables" These photo all have similar position but each a different idea being presented. The first image is referring to pedophilia specifically in the Vatican , the second sexual abuse specifically in tourism in Thailand , the third references children affected by war in places such as Syria , the fourth is trafficking of organs on the black market, the fifth is refers to gun violence, and the last refers to obesity.
Each of this pictures are showing things that have and do kill children every day. Each of these pictures relate to a different part of the world while also applying to more than one. For example, the children affected by war may be referencing to Syria, and the gun violence may be referencing to the U.
These photographs evoke many emotions. We hear about these things happening on the news daily, although this photograph holds so much more power in evoking emotions as it gives a visual to associate with the things that we know are happening. This can be related to TOK as it shows the power of the arts in influencing and evoking our emotions. When reading an article in the news it doesn't quite evoke the same level of emotion as a video or photograph would. This image shows refugees and migrants arrive at Lesbos island after crossing the Aegean sea from Turkey.
The reason why this picture is so powerful is because it highlights the extreme situations and conditions that refugees find themselves in and their struggle.
It evokes a lot of emotions in the viewer, and through our senses we can observe, and through reason we can infer what the emotions we are feeling must be. This is a painting by Edgar Degas, who was a French artist famous for his paintings, sculptures etc The name of this painting is L'Absinthe. The emotions that are felt by the viewer are through sense perception. There is a sense of vacancy within the entire painting and also isolation. The woman looks frazzled, her shoulders stooped, her clothing and hat seem to be in disarray, her feet apart.
The colors used within this painting are mostly dull colors, which through the use of personal knowledge or memory can be interpreted as desolate and dreary. Suicide In regards to TOK, the following image manipulates emotion to create an aura of hopelessness in order to portray the theme of suicide as a form of relief. In the image the viewer is able to see that the individual is overwhelmed with stress, while the black color symbolizes death while red blood, hence contributing to the overall aura created.
As a rope lays in the background which portrays that the only escape from stress to certain individuals is suicide.
In addition, the image utilizes emotion to highlight a message. All in all, the significance of emotion and how it is used effectively. Thus, the baby embodies feelings of innocence and vulnerability — by placing the baby in this advertisement, viewers will react with emotions of love, happiness, and care when looking at the baby. Thus, this advertisement can be used as a platform for discussion in TOK through the question: what is the role of emotion in reason?
In the case of this advertisement, emotion plays a big role in affecting the reasoning of viewers, who might be more likely to buy the Michelin tires due to the use of the baby in the advertisement.
Links Lillard scores 34 to rally Blazers over Wolves more This article mainly describes the emotions that players experienced after a long time coach has passed away. Therefore reasoning, intuition, and the role of beliefs is involved in this particular story. Some social emotions were identified such as gratitude and sympathy, the article states that "the Minnesota Timberwolves cried their way through an emotional pregame tribute to fallen coach Flip Saunders and honored him with a stirring first quarter in their home opener", this piece of text reveals that emotional energy was used by the Timberwolves in order to play a great basketball game.
According to Lagemaat, "emotions provide energy for the pursuit of knowledge does not in itself mean they are a source knowledge" Lagemaat , this phrase somewhat explains that the basketball team wanted to honor their long time coach. They played with heavy hearts like I said, and we expected a heavy fight, we expected a lot of energy from the crowd.
Phineas Gage and the effect of an iron bar through the head on personality Noor Aldelamy. The above article relays the remarkable tale of Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman who, in the year of , had a tampered iron propelled into his head in an explosion accident.
Major differences in personality could be found before and after the accident regarding his personality, and it is said he adopted a violent personality with uncontrollable tempers and lacked the ability to make informed decisions. Thus, his case suggests a link between emotion and reason, as both have been negatively impaired after his traumatic event.
Specifically concerning emotion, it appears that trauma is at the forefront of the state of emotions, and emotional wellbeing. However, if emotions can be easily manipulated by events, whether traumatic, positive, or negative, it may remove its credibility as a way of knowing. Thus, it could be used as a counterclaim for the argument that emotion is a method by which knowledge may be attained. This article discusses the common factors that creates a serial killers, by emphasizing on the emotional breakdown that they suffer from.
It is noted that most serial killers experience some sort of neglect or harm as children. In TOK terms, this article can be used to explore the debate about the effect of emotion on behavior and rationalism. In the context of the article, the lack of certain necessary emotions has deterred proper reasoning and ethics, while the inclusion of certain emotions, such as anger, have resulted in those individuals committing brutal crimes.
About Face - Zeina. This article published in Boston Magazine discusses a recent psychological theory that argues that your facial expressions have no correlation to your emotions. This argument refutes the Ekman theory that has been used by psychologists and intelligence agencies that claimed that facial expressions are universal and through the study of these expressions, one can find out the intentions and emotions of a person i.
However, Northeastern professor Lisa Barrett has conducted research that suggests that each individual disguises and constructs our emotions in individual ways that cannot be universally identified using our individual internal sensations and reactions. This article discusses how emotion is used in conjunction with sense perception and memory to result in individual representations of our emotions.
Emotions are often seen as a universal thing that connects people and allows them to empathize with one another. However, according to this article the facial expression we use differ based on our culture and that emotional reactions are not something that perfectly connect people. The article itself mentions how babies seem to smile when they are happy and frown in anger.
However, remote tribes in Namibia were unable to accurately discern what the emotions were being portrayed in photos or in audio. Or at least, accurate to what we would have said. The article can also cannot to sense perception and how cultural biases affect the way different people perceive the world. Moreover, this can be used to discredit the idea that emotion can be a fundamental way of knowing or in the flipside show that its subjectivity definitely makes it a way of knowing.
Fallacies Based on Emotion -- Muneeb. This is often seen in marketing and in politics. The fallacy appeals to an emotion that is shared by many that incites them to action.
However this often leads to cyclical reasoning in which a biased perception leads to fallacious reasoning which leads to emotional language which reinforces an idea. This is often used in advertising by charity organizations as a persuasive tool and there is a possible discussion about the weakness of emotion since it is easily influenced.
Colours and Emotions more Maddy- A study conducted at Wellsley College by Stoughton and Bevil Conway suggests that colours and emotion may be more closely linked than we know.
In addition, research conducted by the University of British Columbia suggests that red can influence focus, and blue can influence creativity. This article also talks about the book Theory of Colours published in The article compiles multiple studies that suggest a relationship between colour and emotion.
These studies can related to TOK because colour are used in art and they make a piece what it is. In visual artworks, each colour created and used has a specific meaning in its use and is used to evoke a certain emotion, which may relate with the studies conducted showing the correlation. Deadly road-rage shooting of 4-year-old Albuquerque girl began with lane dispute Luqman Sattar Road Rage is an angry reaction to an incident on the road.
Recently a man named Alan Garcia lost his four year old daughter after she was shot in the head after a case of road rage. Garcia was driving his daughters home from school when a man in another car forced him out of his lane. Garcia swore at the other driver. This incident of road rage relates to TOK as it relates to the first question, "how does emotion affect our reasoning? Clippers stage jersey protest amid Donald Sterling controversy more This article is about the Los Angeles Clippers basketball team protesting against their owner Donald Sterling following his racist comments.
The owner was caught giving racist remarks against black people via a recording. As result the Clippers basketball team and the rest of the league protested against Sterling by wearing black during pre game warmups and by wearing their jerseys inside out and by speaking out against the owner. This created a lot of emotion through out the league as evident and it affected the way the Clippers played during the playoffs the comments were leaked during the playoffs.
In terms of ToK this shows how emotions can affect peoples mindsets in this case the players on the Clippers team. But it also goes to show how emotions can bring a large group of people together and stand up for what is right. Furthermore it raises awareness of a global issue as famous athletes such as LeBron James and Kobe Bryant are speaking out against this owner and against racism in general.
It features eight screens, each showing interviews with subjects speaking different languages. When you stand in front of a screen, a facial recognition software slowly merges your face with that of the person on the screen, in a swirling, Picasso-like pattern. This artwork teaches you to empathize with others because the more you see the subject in front of you similar to yourself, the more empathy you are able to feel. This empathy is achieved by sense perception and emotion, both of which create a bond between yourself and the image on screen.
This article discusses an idea that goes against the shared knowledge that negative emotions are bad for your health. For example, it is often thought of as anger or stress having negative impacts on ones mind and health overall. However, in the article a physcotherapist explains that displaying negative emotions is healthy as it means that the individual is not gathering up such emotions and is not hiding them which can lead to problems such as depression. According to psychologist Jonathan M.
Although sense perception develops and effects our emotions, through reason emotions allows us to identify and make meaning out of experiences. Hamna Khurram. This is an article by a psychologist that discusses the way in which actors come to connect with and embody the characters that they are playing.
The article discusses how an actor's emotional connection with their character is one of the most important parts of successfully portraying a character. This article can be used to talk about the link between the arts and emotion - and how the use and control of emotion is often vital to creating an artwork like a film or production.
This article explains the theory that emotion is subconsciously cognitive rather than intuitive. Essentially, it says that an event stimulates a sort of physiological arousal in which we use our reasoning to deduce an emotion applicable to the event. An example of this is used in advertising. When someone sees a product and gets aroused, excited, the person does not experience one of the six primary emotions happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust , the person experiences a state of excitement that advertisers take advantage of by manipulating their reasoning, "If you are feeling a bit odd right now, it is probably because you are getting excited by what this product can do for you.
In terms of the James-Lange theory, this concept can be applied as it states that emotions are physical in nature, but are influenced by our beliefs. This article describes the role of emotions. Emotions when not disordered can be used as a way to provide information to yourself about a situation. Emotion serve as a way to inform an individual of something urgent. It serves as a cueing system that directs your attention using psychological changes.
Many people think that emotion is something that they should control or disregard however successful entrepreneurs use it as something they could capitalise on. In relation to TOK, this article shows the power of emotion and how it can be used as a way of knowing and in the pursuit of knowledge. It also shows the effect emotions can have on our cognitive processing ability as it sometimes is too powerful to ignore and may lead to irrational judgements being made.
How can our emotions be exploited? The article discusses how we cannot cut emotions completely out of our decision making which is a fact that marketers attempt to exploit by branding their products with an emotion that we subconsciously pick up on. They do so using subliminal messages In relation to TOK, this article shows how emotions can subconsciously affect our reasoning, for example if you have seen the name of a product in a TV commercial you are more likely to choose that product due to its familiarity.
This shows how emotion impairs our ability to make rational judgements. This also shows how emotions are used with language a network of WOK as a simple difference of 1 cent can make you more willing to buy a product or a subliminal message may trigger an emotion that will make you more willing to do so. In this video, the song see you again by Charlie Puth and Wiz Khalifa was played and teens reacted to it.
This song was written for the deceased celebrity Paul Walker as a tribute. Most of the teens in the video knew the song but did not know the details like why the song was written and for who. Even though they did not personally know Paul Walker, they were affected by the song and what it meant.
The subjective viewpoint did not really matter in this case, because the song still got them feeling sad and emotional. On the other hand, knowing it was a tribute to a person who passed away did change the way they looked at the song and it became even more emotional. This video shows what Greenpeace does and how they attempt to change the world to the better.
Due to the fact that not everyone can see live protests or projects of Greenpeace, the sharing of videos can enable many people worldwide to see the change that Greenpeace is making.
0コメント